1/21/2024 0 Comments Obsessive thoughts adhdClinicians also have to specify whether the patient has a current or past history of a tic disorder, this will be classified as a tic-related obsessive compulsive disorder (American Psychiatric Association 2013 Thomsen 2013 Walitza 2014). The presence of insight is of clinical importance because insight not only correlates with age but also with severity and positive therapy response (Walitza 2014). In DSM-5, clinicians even have to specify the degree of insight into the symptomatology: good/fair, poor, or absent insight. For adults, “showing insight into the senselessness of the symptoms” was one of the key criteria to differentiate OCD from psychosis see also ICD-10. In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria for children with OCD differs from adults with OCD in regard to not having always insight into the senselessness of the obsessive behaviour. Therefore, in DSM-5, the specificity of the symptomatology including obsessions and compulsions with or without concomitant anxiety comes more to the centre of attention. In the previous DSM-IV, OCD was classified as a subcategory of anxiety disorders. In the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association 2013), OCD is newly classified into the diagnostic categories: “obsessive compulsive and related disorders” including “obsessive compulsive disorder”, and as related disorders e.g.“body dysmorphic disorder”, “hoarding disorder”, “hair pulling disorder” (trichotillomania). Fear of contamination, sexual, hypochondriac, and excessive thoughts including scruples/guilt are the most commonly reported obsessions and washing, repeating, checking, and ordering are the most commonly reported compulsions (Geller et al. According to ICD-10 (World Health Organization 1996), OCD can be divided into “predominantly obsessional thoughts”, “predominantly compulsive acts”, or in a subtype of combination of both “obsessions and compulsions”. According to ICD-10 diagnostic classification, OCD consists of recurrent and persistent thoughts, behavioural patterns, ideas, and impulses that impose themselves against internal resistance, experienced by the patient as excessive and distressing. Obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) are typically characterized by the presence of recurrent, intrusive, and disturbing thoughts (obsessions) which often elicit anxiety or emotional stress followed by repetitive stereotypic behaviour or thoughts (compulsions) in order to neutralize the negative affects (American Psychiatric Association 1994). This article reviews the current literature of neuroimaging, neurochemical circuitry, neuropsychological and genetic findings considering similarities as well as differences between OCD and ADHD. The deficits in the corresponding brain networks may be responsible for the perseverative, compulsive symptoms in OCD but also for the disinhibited and impulsive symptoms characterizing ADHD. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies suggest that partly similar executive functions are affected in both disorders. Family studies showed high heritability in ADHD and OCD, and some genetic findings showed similar variants for both disorders of the same pathogenetic mechanisms, whereas other genetic findings may differentiate between ADHD and OCD. OCD and ADHD often follow a chronic course with persistent rates of at least 40–50 %. The high comorbidity of ADHD and OCD with each other, especially of ADHD in paediatric OCD, is well described. Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two of the most common neuropsychiatric diseases in paediatric populations.
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